14 research outputs found

    Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

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    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂ­tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ­ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂ­os de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂ­fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂ­a antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas Ă  longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂ­ficas deste trabalho, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo estĂĄ mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂ­fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s de uma infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores sĂŁo mais importantes, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faĂ­scas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă  tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă  des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă  relier les initiatives de base Ă  long terme Ă  des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă  grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă  l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă  l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă  travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă  long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă  long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă  mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă  long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia

    Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

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    Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≀0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

    Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

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    Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, α=2\alpha=2 as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed >>600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that α=1.63±0.03\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating.Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 7

    Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

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    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂ­tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ­ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂ­os de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂ­fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂ­a antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂ­ficas deste esforço global, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo vem mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂ­fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste AsiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s da infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tendĂȘncias, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as faĂ­scas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume: Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă  tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă  des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă  relier les initiatives de base Ă  long terme Ă  des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă  grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă  l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă  l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă  travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă  long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă  long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă  mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă  long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia

    Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

    No full text
    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂ­tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ­ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂ­os de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂ­fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂ­a antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂ­ficas deste esforço global, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo vem mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂ­fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste AsiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s da infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tendĂȘncias, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as faĂ­scas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume: Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă  tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă  des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă  relier les initiatives de base Ă  long terme Ă  des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă  grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă  l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă  l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă  travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă  long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă  long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă  mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă  long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia

    Taking the pulse of Earth\u27s tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

    No full text
    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth\u27s most precious forests

    Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

    No full text

    Observation of the Bc+→J/ψπ+π0B_c^+ \to J/\psi \pi^+ \pi^0 decay

    No full text
    International audienceThe first observation of the Bc+→J/ψπ+π0B_c^+ \to J/\psi \pi^+ \pi^0 decay is reported with high significance using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9fb−1^{-1}, collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV. The ratio of its branching fraction relative to the Bc+→J/ψπ+B_c^+ \to J/\psi \pi^+ channel is measured to be B(Bc+→J/ψπ+π0)B(Bc+→J/ψπ+)=2.80±0.15±0.11±0.16 , \frac{ {\cal{B}}( B_c^+ \to J/\psi \pi^+\pi^0 ) } { {\cal{B}}( B_c^+ \to J/\psi \pi^+ ) } = 2.80 \pm 0.15 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.16 \,, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third related to imprecise knowledge of the branching fractions for B+→J/ψK∗+B^+ \to J/\psi K^{*+} and B+→J/ψK+B^+ \to J/\psi K^+ decays, which are used to determine the π0\pi^0 detection efficiency. The π+π0\pi^+\pi^0 mass spectrum is found to be consistent with the dominance of an intermediate ρ+\rho^+ contribution in accordance with a model based on QCD factorisation

    Study of Bc+→χcπ+B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_c \pi^+ decays

    No full text
    International audienceA study of Bc+→χcπ+B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_c \pi^+ decays is reported using proton-proton collision data, collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9fb−1^{-1}. The decay Bc+→χc2π+B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c2} \pi^+ is observed for the first time, with a significance exceeding seven standard deviations. The relative branching fraction with respect to the Bc+→J/ψπ+B_c^+ \rightarrow J/\psi \pi^+ decay is measured to be BBc+→χc2π+BBc+→J/ψπ+=0.37±0.06±0.02±0.01, \frac{\mathcal{B}_{B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c2} \pi^+}} {\mathcal{B}_{B_c^+ \rightarrow J/\psi \pi^+}} = 0.37 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01 , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is due to the knowledge of the χc→J/ÏˆÎł\chi_c \rightarrow J/\psi \gamma branching fraction. No significant Bc+→χc1π+B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c1} \pi^+ signal is observed and an upper limit for the relative branching fraction for the Bc+→χc1π+B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c1} \pi^+ and Bc+→χc2π+B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c2} \pi^+ decays of BBc+→χc1π+BBc+→χc2π+<0.49 \frac{\mathcal{B}_{B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c1} \pi^+}} {\mathcal{B}_{B_c^+ \rightarrow \chi_{c2} \pi^+}} < 0.49 is set at the 90% confidence level
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